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Article pour les cliniciens

La vitamine D et les analogues de la vitamine D pour la prévention des fractures chez les femmes ménopausées et les hommes âgés.



  • Avenell A
  • Mak JC
  • O'Connell D
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Apr 14;2014(4):CD000227. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000227.pub4. (Review)
PMID: 24729336
Lire le résumé Lire résumé des données probantes Lire le texte intégral
Disciplines
  • - Gériatrie
    Relevance - 7/7
    Intérêt médiatique  - 4/7
  • Médecine familiale (MF)/Médecine générale (MG)
    Relevance - 6/7
    Intérêt médiatique  - 6/7
  • Médecine interne générale - Soins primaires
    Relevance - 6/7
    Intérêt médiatique  - 6/7
  • Santé publique
    Relevance - 6/7
    Intérêt médiatique  - 5/7
  • Surgery - Orthopaedics
    Relevance - 6/7
    Intérêt médiatique  - 5/7
  • Médecine interne (voir sous-spécialités ci-dessous)
    Relevance - 6/7
    Intérêt médiatique  - 4/7

Résumé (en anglais)

BACKGROUND: Vitamin D and related compounds have been used to prevent osteoporotic fractures in older people. This is the third update of a Cochrane review first published in 1996.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of vitamin D or related compounds, with or without calcium, for preventing fractures in post-menopausal women and older men.

SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma Group Specialised Register (to December 2012), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (2012, Issue 12), MEDLINE (1966 to November Week 3 2012), EMBASE (1980 to 2012 Week 50), CINAHL (1982 to December 2012), BIOSIS (1985 to 3 January 2013), Current Controlled Trials (December 2012) and reference lists of articles.

SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised or quasi-randomised trials that compared vitamin D or related compounds, alone or with calcium, against placebo, no intervention or calcium alone, and that reported fracture outcomes in older people. The primary outcome was hip fracture.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently assessed trial risk of selection bias and aspects of methodological quality, and extracted data. Data were pooled, where possible, using the fixed-effect model, or the random-effects model when heterogeneity between studies appeared substantial.

MAIN RESULTS: We included 53 trials with a total of 91,791 participants. Thirty-one trials, with sample sizes ranging from 70 to 36,282 participants, examined vitamin D (including 25-hydroxy vitamin D) with or without calcium in the prevention of fractures in community, nursing home or hospital inpatient populations. Twelve of these 31 trials had participants with a mean or median age of 80 years or over.Another group of 22 smaller trials examined calcitriol or alfacalcidol (1-alphahydroxyvitamin D3), mostly with participants who had established osteoporosis. These trials were carried out in the setting of institutional referral clinics or hospitals.In the assessment of risk of bias for random sequence generation, 21 trials (40%) were deemed to be at low risk, 28 trials (53%) at unclear risk and four trials at high risk (8%). For allocation concealment, 22 trials were at low risk (42%), 29 trials were at unclear risk (55%) and two trials were at high risk (4%).There is high quality evidence that vitamin D alone, in the formats and doses tested, is unlikely to be effective in preventing hip fracture (11 trials, 27,693 participants; risk ratio (RR) 1.12, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.98 to 1.29) or any new fracture (15 trials, 28,271 participants; RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.11).There is high quality evidence that vitamin D plus calcium results in a small reduction in hip fracture risk (nine trials, 49,853 participants; RR 0.84, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.74 to 0.96; P value 0.01). In low-risk populations (residents in the community: with an estimated eight hip fractures per 1000 per year), this equates to one fewer hip fracture per 1000 older adults per year (95% CI 0 to 2). In high risk populations (residents in institutions: with an estimated 54 hip fractures per 1000 per year), this equates to nine fewer hip fractures per 1000 older adults per year (95% CI 2 to 14). There is high quality evidence that vitamin D plus calcium is associated with a statistically significant reduction in incidence of new non-vertebral fractures. However, there is only moderate quality evidence of an absence of a statistically significant preventive effect on clinical vertebral fractures. There is high quality evidence that vitamin D plus calcium reduces the risk of any type of fracture (10 trials, 49,976 participants; RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90 to 0.99).In terms of the results for adverse effects: mortality was not adversely affected by either vitamin D or vitamin D plus calcium supplementation (29 trials, 71,032 participants, RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.93 to 1.01). Hypercalcaemia, which was usually mild (2.6 to 2.8 mmol/L), was more common in people receiving vitamin D or an analogue, with or without calcium (21 trials, 17,124 participants, RR 2.28, 95% CI 1.57 to 3.31), especially for calcitriol (four trials, 988 participants, RR 4.41, 95% CI 2.14 to 9.09), than in people receiving placebo or control. There was also a small increased risk of gastrointestinal symptoms (15 trials, 47,761 participants, RR 1.04, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.08), especially for calcium plus vitamin D (four trials, 40,524 participants, RR 1.05, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.09), and a significant increase in renal disease (11 trials, 46,548 participants, RR 1.16, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.33). Other systematic reviews have found an increased association of myocardial infarction with supplemental calcium; and evidence of increased myocardial infarction and stroke, but decreased cancer, with supplemental calcium plus vitamin D, without an overall effect on mortality.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D alone is unlikely to prevent fractures in the doses and formulations tested so far in older people. Supplements of vitamin D and calcium may prevent hip or any type of fracture. There was a small but significant increase in gastrointestinal symptoms and renal disease associated with vitamin D and calcium. This review found that there was no increased risk of death from taking calcium and vitamin D.


Commentaires cliniques (en anglais)

Family Medicine (FM)/General Practice (GP)

More evidence that vitamin D is not a cure-all, even for osteoporotic fractures. The NNTs are very helpful.

Family Medicine (FM)/General Practice (GP)

Excellent review of evidence for vitamin D alone and in combination with calcium in the prevention of hip fractures. This also summarizes adverse events data.

General Internal Medicine-Primary Care(US)

This meta-analysis includes a useful summary outlining the potential benefits of vitamin D plus calcium versus calcium only (previously shown to have no meaningful improvement in fracture rates). For one fewer hip fractures a year per 1000 low-risk patients annually (nine fewer in high-risk patients), 9/10,000 additional patients annually would experience hypercalcemia, and 1/10,000 additional patients annually would experience renal disease (calculi or insufficiency). The adverse event incidences refer to a general-risk population. The intervention is associated with 3 fewer deaths/1000 patients annually in a general population. This information will help me provide more balanced information to my patients about the risks and benefits of vitamin D and calcium supplementation to reduce hip fracture risk.

Geriatrics

Although several clinical trials were added to the authors' previous article (PMID: 19370554), the main findings remain unchanged.

Public Health

This review of the effectiveness of vitamin D in preventing fractures is of high quality and provides useful information on a question that is commonly raised in general orthopaedic practice. The effectiveness of vitamin D is small and should therefore be weighed against the risks.

Public Health

Excellent systematic review but not sure it will come as a surprise to anyone.

Surgery - Orthopaedics

This shows a good level of evidence. This is an interesting subject to a wide variety of medical specialties.

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